Welcome to the Course "Experimental Physics (Key Concepts)"

13.10.25
Kobel

0. Introduction
1. Energy scales
1.1. Scales and units in physics

slides

• 1.1
  • SI redefinition
  • natural units

2

16.10.25
Kobel

 1.2. Primary energy scales in bound systems. 
  1.2.1. Momenta and energies in a potential well
  1.2.2. Fundamental inter-actions and their potentials
  1.2.3. Covalent bindings and their potentials
  1.2.4. Binding energies and radii
  1.2.5. Excitation spectra and naming conventions

slides
(with AMCS)

• 1.2.1.
  • Gaponenco, Demir
    2.1.2. Quantum particle in a rectangular well
• 1.2.2 
  
  • Povh, Rith, Scholz, Zetsche, Rodejohann
    Ch.13: The Standard Model
    Ch 14.3: Quark-Antiquark Potential
  • Griffiths, Chapter 2
    Elementary Particle Dynamics
    (klick on pdf and select institutional SLUB login)
  • Povh, Rosina:
    3.3. Coupling Constants
• 1.2.3.
  • Povh, Rith, Scholz, Zetsche, Rodejohann
    Ch 17.2: The Deuteron
    Ch 17.3: Nuclear Force
• 1.2.4. Ch 14.1-2: Hydrogen, Charmonium
• 1.2.5: Das, Ferbel:
  Ch 11: Discrete Transformations

• 1.2.1. Bienlein, Wiesendanger
  1.3.2 a) Das Kastenpotential
• 1.2.2. Netzwerk Teilchenwelt
  2.2 Aufbau der Materie und Wechselwirkungen
  (bis 2.4.3.)
  
  
• 1.2.3.: Bienlein, Wiesendanger
  3.4 Kernkräfte
  
  
• 1.2.5:
  • Bethge-Schröder 3.7-3.10
  • Berger-Herten
    Kap 2.2 Drehungen
    Kap 2.5 Spiegelungen
    Kap 2.7-2.8 Innere Symmetrien

20.10.25
Eng

slides

• 1.4.0. Fine Structure Constant defines Visual Transparency of Graphene (Nair et al 2008)
• 1.4.1. Manini, Physics of Matter
  • 3.2.1. H2+

• 1.4.1.Demtröder, Experimentalphysik 3
  9.1. Moleküle: das H2+

27.10.25
Eng

1.4.2 Angular momentum coupling
- Clebsch-Gordan coefficients
- Spin-orbit coupling in the hydrogen atom

1.4.3 Atoms in weak and strong magnetic fields

slides

• 1.4.2.: Manini, Physics of Matter
  • 2.1.7. Fine Structure
• 1.4.3. Manini, Physics of Matter
  • 2.1.10 Spectra in a Magnetic Field

• 1.4.2.: Demtröder, Exp.physik 3
  5.5.3. Spin-Bahn-Kopplung;Feinstruktur
• 1.4.3+4.Demtröder, Exp.physik 3
  • 5.5.3 Spin-Bahnkopplung
  • 5.5.4. Zeeman Effekt

5

30.10.25
Kobel

1.4.5. Hyperfine Structure
(ss coupling)



1.4.6. LS and ss-couplings in Mesons


1.4.7. ls-coupling in the nuclear shell model 

slides

• 1.4.5. Manini, Physics of Matter
  • 2.1.8 Nuclear Spin and Hyperfine Structure
•  1.4.6.
  • Griffiths, Chapter 5
    (klick on pdf and select institutional SLUB login) 
    5.5. Hyperfine Structure
    5.8. Light Quark Hadrons
  • Povh, Rith, Scholz, Zetsche, Rodejohann
    15.2 Meson Masses
    16.3 Baryon Masses
• 1.4.7.
             18.3 The Shell Model

• 1.4.5: 
  • Demtröder, Exp.physik 3
    5.6.Hyperfeinstruktur
  • Kalvius Physik IV, Kap 7
    7.8 ff Spektren der Vielelektronenatome
• 1.4.6. 
  Bethge-Schröder, Kap. 3.12 Starker Isospin
• 1.4.7.
  Bethge-Wiedemann, Kap 4.2.1. Schalenmodell in sphärischen Koordinaten

1.4.4 Multi-electron atoms
- LS coupling, Hund's rule
- j-j coupling, heavy atoms

1.5. Collective Excitations
1.5.1. Giant Dipole Resonances in nuclei (Kobel)

1.5.2. Surface plasmons in nano particles

slides

• 1.4.4. Manini, Physics of Matter
  • 2.2 Many-Electron Atoms
    
    
•  1.5.1.
  • Povh, Rith, Scholz, Zetsche, Rodejohann
    19.2. Dipole Oscillations
  • Speth, van der Woude
    (Rep. Prog. Phys 44, 1981) Giant resonances in Nuclei
•  1.5.2.+4.:
  • A. Moores, F. Goettmann
    (New Jour. Chem, 2006, 30, 1121): Plasmon band in noble nanoparticles
  • The surface of compact systems: From Nuclei to stars (Surface Science 2002)
  • Prodan et al., Plasmon Response of Complex Nanstructures, Science 2003
  • arcticles on application of nanoparticles in biophysics
    • 2022 review
    • article collection

• 1.4.4: Kalvius Physik IV, Kap 6
  
  • 6.5 ff Elektronen-struktur der Vielelektronenatome
• 1.5.1.
  • Mayer-Kuckuk,
    Kernphysik: 6.6, 6.7
  • Wagner, Physik in unserer Zeit: Riesenresonanzen

1.5.3. Phonons in Solids (Eng)

1.5.4. Polaritons (Eng)

1.5.5. Rotational and Vibrational Excitations of
Molecules and Nuclei

2.Transitions between Quantum States

2.1. Radiative Transitions

2.1.1. Emag multipol radiation in atoms and nuclei

• 1.5.3. Manini, Physics of Matter
  • 5.3. The Vibration of Crystals
• 1.5.5.:
  • Povh, Rith, Scholz, Zetsche, Rodejohann
    19.3. Shape Oscillations 
    19.4. Rotational States
  • Demtröder: Atoms, Molecules and Photons
    9.5. Rotation and Vibration of Diatomic Molecules
  • Manini, Physics of Matter
    3.3 Intramolecular Spectra
    3.3.1 Rotational and Rovibrational Spectra
• 2.1.1.:
  • Povh/Rith/Scholz
    19.1. Electromagnetic Transitions

• 1.5.3.:
  Ibach/Lüth: Festkörperphysik
  4.3 Lineare 2-atomige Kette

• 1.5.5.:
  • Demtröder, Exp.physik 3
    9.5. Rotation u. Schwingungen 2-atomiger Moleküle
• 2.1.1.:
  • Bienlein, Wiesendanger, 3.6.1
  • Mayer-Kuckuk, Kernphysik: 3.5 elektromagn Übergänge

2.1.2. Emag and strong Transitions in hadrons

2.1.3. Transitions in molecules

2.2. Scattering Processes
2.2.1. Elastic, quasi-elastic  and inelastic scattering

• 2.1.2.
  • Quarkonia and their Transitions
    (Eichten et al, 2007)
  • Recent Results in Bottomonium
    (Rosner et al, 2013)
•  2.1.3.:
  • Demtröder: Atoms, Molecules and Photons
    9.6.2 Vibrational-Rotational Transitions
    9.6.3 The Structure of Electronic Transitions
  • Manini, Physics of Matter
    3.3.2 Electronic Excitations
• 2.2.1: Povh, Rith, Scholz, Zetsche, Rodejohann
  • 4.1. General Observations 4.2. Cross Sections
  • 5.1. Kinematics
    5.2. Rutherford X-Section

• 2.1.3.: Demtröder Experimentalphysik 3
  • 9.6.2. Schwingungs-Rotations-Übergänge
  • 9.6.3. Elektronische Übergänge
  • 9.6.4. Franck-Condon
  • Haken/Wolf: Atom- und Quantenphysik

9

17.11.25
Eng

2.2.2. Inelastic neutron scattering in solids

slides

• 2.2.2.: Manini, Physics of Matter
  5.1.3. Diffraction Experiments
  5 3.1.Normal Modes of Vibration

• 2.2.2.: Schatz-Weidinger Kap. 10

2.2.3. Neutron scattering on nuclei from meV to MeV

2.2.4.A) Scattering of electrons on nuclei, form factors

slides

• 2.2.3:
  • Paetz gen. Schieck:
    13.1-13.4. Compound Nucleus Reactions
  • Povh, Rith, Scholz, Zetsche, Rodejohann
    3.3-3.4 Nuclear Fission, Excited Nuclear States
• 2.2.4 A):
  5.4 Nuclear Form Factors
  5.5 Inelastic Nuclear Excitations 

• 2.2.4. A))
  • Musiol: 4.4, 10.1.3-4
  • Mayer-Kuckuk:Kap 7

2.2.4. B) Scattering of electrons on nuclei and hadrons (Kobel)

2.3. Elektrons in Solids
2.3.1. Optical Absorption
A) Free electrons
B) Lattice absorption

slides

• 2.2.4. B) Povh, Rith, Scholz, Zetsche, Rodejohann
  Chapters 6.2-7.3
  Quasi-Elastic Scattering, Excited States of Nucleons, Structure Functions, Parton Model
  
  
• 2.3.1. Manini, Physics of Matter
  • A) 4.3.2.1 Fermions
  • B) 5.2.3 Spectra of electrons in solids 

•  2.3.1 A)
  • Demtröder: Exphy 3
    Kap 13.1 Freies Elektronengas
  • Ibach/Lüth:Festkörperphysik
    
    • 6.1. Das freie Elektronengas
• 2.3.1. B) 11.1-11.4 Dielektrische Eigenschaften der Materie

2.3.1. Optical Absorption
C) Interband excitation

2.3.2. Electrons in a periodic potential, Bloch Waves

2.3.3. A) Electronic band structure

slides

          Manini, Physics of Matter

• 2.3.1. 5.2.2. Metals and Insulators
• 2.3.2. 5.2. Electrons in Crystals
• 2.3.3.A)
  • 5.2.1.2. The Plane-Waves Method
  • Ashcroft/Mermin: Solid State physics

• 2.3.1. Ibach/Lüth:Festkörperphysik
  11.10. Interband-Übergänge
• 2.3.2 Demtröder: Exphysik 3
  Kap 13.2 Elektronen im periodischen Potenzial
• 2.3.3 Ibach/Lüth: Festkörperphysik
  Kap 7 Elektr. Bänder in Festkörpern

2.3.3. B) Photoelectron Spectroscopy, ARPES

3. Spectroscopy by quantum state mixing

3.1. A)  Examples of mixed  Two-State Systems 

3.1. B) Time Evolution in
- Connected potential well
- Ammonia Molecule

slides

• 2.3.3 B) A. Damascelli
  ARPES-Review-Damascelli
  
  

• 3.1:
  • Henley, Garcia: Kap 9.6 
    (The Two-State Problem)
  • Feynman III: Chap 8-6 The Ammonia Molecule 

3.2.Meson- Antimeson Oscillations
3.2.1. Time evolution of coupled mesons 
3.2.2. Experimental evidence
3.2.3. Overview of meson-antimeson Oscillations
3.2.4. CP Violation in Kaon-mixing
3.2.5. Analogy to coupled pendulums

3.3. Neutrino Flavor Oscillations
3.3.1. Three Flavor Oscillations
3.3.2. Atmospheric Neutrinos
3.3.3. Reactor-Neutrinos
3.3.4. Solar Neutrinos
          -> 05.01.2026

slides

• 3.2.1:
  
  • K.R.Schubert, J. Stiewe
    http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.2772v2
  • Leader, Predazzi, Vol.2, Ch.19.1.1 (online probe reading)
• 3.2.2. Henley, Garcia: Subatomic Physics, Chap 9.7
• 3.2.3. Leader, Predazzi, Vol.2, Ch.19.1.3 (online probe reading)
• 3.2.4. Das/Ferbel: Chapter 12 Neutral Kaons, Oscillations, and CP Violation
• 3.2.5: K.R.Schubert, J. Stiewe
  http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.2772v2

• 3.3.
  
  • Povh/Rith/../Rodejohann: Chapter 11
  • Povh/Rosina: Chap 16.1.4

3.4. Dynamic effects in level crossings

3.4.1. Landau-Zener theory of avoided crossings
3.4.2. Ammonium-molecule in an electric field
3.4.3. Level crossings of molecular magnets in a magnetic field  

slides

• 3.4.1: Rubbmark et al. Dynamical effects at avoided level crossings
• 3.4.2. Feynman III: Chap 9 The Ammonia Maser
• 3.4.3: Gatteschi, Sessoli, Villain. Molecular Nanomagnets (Chap 1, 2, 6).

3.4.4. MSW effect for solar neutrinos

• 3.4.4: 
  • Smirnow: The MSW Effect and Solar Neutrinos
  • Zuber, Neutrino Physics
  • Kayser: PDG Neutrino Review

8.1.26
Kobel

4. Symmetry Breaking

4.1. General Concept
4.1.1. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
4.1.2. Overview
(Breaking Parameter, Order Parameter)
4.1.3. Phase Transitions and Energy Densities

• 4.1.1.
  • S.Weinberg, CERN Courier
    From BCS to the LHC

• 4.1.2 Nuclear Deformations:
  • Povh, Rosina: 14.3.4
  • Povh, Rith, Zetsche 18.4: Deformed Nuclei
• 4.1.2 Chirale Breaking:
  • Povh/Rosina: 12.3(E)
  • Koch: Aspects of Chiral Symmetry (advanced)

• 4.1.3. Phasenübergänge:
  • Skript W.Dieterich (Konstanz) Energiedichten

18

12.1.26
Eng

4.2. Ferromagnetismus  
4.2.1 Landau-Theorie des Ferromagnetismus

4.2.2 Mikroskopische Modelle: Weiss-Modell, Heisenberg-Modell, Ising-Modell

4.2.3 Kritisches Verhalten

4.2.4 Steifheit und Anregungen des Ferromagneten

• Blundell, Magnetism in Condensed Matter:
  Chap.6: Order and broken Symmetry,
  Chap.5.1: Ferromagnetism, Weiss-modell

19

19.1.26
Eng

4.3. Supraleitung
4.3.1. Historie der Supraleitung
4.3.2. Ginsburg-Landau Theorie
4.3.3. BCS Theorie
4.3.4. Experimentelle Evidenzen

• Buckel, Kleiner: Supraleitung, Kap 4.4 - 4.7
• Annett: Superconductivity, Superfluids, Condensates

20

22.1.26
Kobel

4.4. Elektroschwache Symmetriebrechung und Higgs-Mechanismus

4.4.1. Idee des BEHiggs-Felds

4.4.2. Vergleich mit Landau und Landau-Ginsburg

4.4.3. Massenerzeugung

4.4.4. Masse als Abschirmung

4.4.5. Analogie zum Supraleiter

• 4.4.1.
  • Weinberg: CERN Courier
    From BCS to the LHC
  • Brout, Englert: Prize talk
    Spontaneous Symmetry
    Breaking and Gauge Theories
• 4.4.2.
  • Povh et.al. (E): Chap 12.4.
  • Ivan Melo: Higgs potential and fundamental physics (Ch 2-3)
• 4.4.3.
  • Diaz-Cruz (2019): The Higgs Profile in the Standard Model and Beyond (Ch 2)
  • Griffiths "Elementary Particles": online pdf Chap 10.7-9 (eng) oder Kap 11.7-9 (deu)
  • Djouadi: 1.1.1-3 (pg 13-24) in "The Higgs Boson in the Standard Model"
• 4.4.4.

  • Band 1, Netzwerk Teilchenwelt (2.4.1 und 2.7)

• 4.4.5.
  
  • Dixon: SLAC Beamline
    From Superconductors to Supercolliders
  • Kaiser (TUD) Higgs-Spektroskopie in Supraleitung

21

26.1.26
Eng

4.5. Topologische Effekte

4.5.1. Topologische Signaturen, Windungszahl

4.5.2. Non-collinear structures: Skyrmions
4.5.3. Topologische Systeme - Optik, Elektronik, Manetismus 

22

2.2.26
Kobel

4.5. EW Phase Transition

4.5.1. Eigenschaften des Higgs

4.5.2. Experimentelle Vermessung des Higgs-Bosons

4.5.3. Elektro-schwacher Phasenübergang

4.5.4. Higgs and Cosmology

• 4.5.1.
  • Diaz-Cruz (2019): The Higgs Profile in the Standard Model and Beyond (Ch 3)
  • Povh et al (E) Chap 12.5.
• 4.5.2.
  • Povh et al (E) Chap 12.5.
  • ATLAS results 2019:
    mass, production+decay
  • Theory: Djouadi: Ch. 3 in
    "The Higgs Boson in the Standard Model"
  • 3 Videos von Science in School
•  4.5.3.
  • Ivan Melo: Higgs potential and fundamental physics (Ch 6-8)
• 4.5.4. 
  • Elias-Miro et al. : http://arxiv.org/pdf/1112.3022.pdf